八大詞性 　 　句子的基本觀念　　　基本句型　　　助動詞 　　

主動被動　 　時 態　(簡單式、進行式、完成式)　 　不規則動詞變化表

動詞補語　(不定詞與動名詞)　　　代名詞的格、反身代詞　 　不定代名詞

that-those, there-it, this-which　　　代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅

修飾語　(形容詞) 　　　修飾語　(副詞) 　　　分詞　　　介系詞

常考片語 　 　 假設語氣 　　　否定用字 　　 　倒裝

比較　(比較級、最高級)　　　對等連接詞 　　　從屬連接詞　　　獨立連接詞

名詞子句　　　形容詞子句　　　副詞子句　　　平行、一致、累贅用字

從屬子句

副詞子句的簡化

引導副詞子句且可以進行簡化之連接詞為

(a)表“雖然”：although, though, while, even if, even though；

(b)表“時間”：when, while；

(c)表“條件”：if, unless；

(d)表“因為”：because等。

我們以although為例來說明這類副詞子句的簡化過程：
步驟(一)：若副詞子句的主詞與主要子句的主詞相等，則將副詞子句的主詞去掉，若不相等則不能省略，連接詞則可省略亦可保留。

步驟(二)：若動詞為be動詞，則將be動詞省略；若為其它動詞則改為分詞，主動用現在分詞，被動用過去分詞；若動詞為完成式，則改為having+ p.p.

請思考下列句子的簡化：
1. If weather permits, we will go on a picnic.
→Weather permitting, we will go on a picnic. (主詞不相等，故weather要保留)

2. While I understand what you say, I can not agree with you.
→While understanding what you say, I can not agree with you. (現在分詞)

3. Although he is rich and powerful, he is not happy.
→Although rich and powerful, he is not happy. (形容詞片語)

4. While he was a professor in Taiwan University, he was devoted to the study of biology.
→While a professor in Taiwan University, he was devoted to the study of biology. (名詞片語，此名詞片語語意要等於主詞)

5. When he was in New York, he enjoyed going to the museum once a week.
→When in New York, he enjoyed going to the museum once a week. (介系詞片語)

6. A bear will not attack people unless it is provoked(被激怒).
→A bear will not attack people unless provoked. (過去分詞片語)

連接詞若保留有個好處，即語意上會更為明確，但because所引導的子句若簡化則because一定要省略。

例：1. Because Jack has lived here all his life, he knows the city well.
→Having lived here all his life, he knows the city well.

2. Because he was ill, he stayed in bed.
→Being ill, he stayed in bed.

(在“Because+ S+ be+ Adj”的簡化式中，be動詞可改為being)

結構思考：

1. ____, S+ VP. 在這種情況下，空格內可能用的結構為(a)副詞子句，(b)名詞片語(語意上要等於主要子句的主詞)，(c)介系詞片語，(d)分詞(主動用現在分詞，被動用過去詞)。此外，若表達“目的”，則用不定詞片語。

2.

Although
Though
While
Even if　　　　 +____, S+ VP.
Even though
When
If
Unless

空格原為“S+ VP”之子句，經簡化後可成為(a)介系詞片語，(b)分詞片語，(c)名詞片語(語意上要等於主詞)

3.

Despite +名詞片語，S+ VP.
In spite of
In　　　　 +名詞片語，S+ VP.
During

despite與in spite of表達“雖然”，in與during表達“當…”，皆介系詞，後面接的名詞片語在語意上不等於主詞。

例：1. Despite his illness, he went to the meeting. (illness不等於he)

2. During his visit to New York, my uncle spent most of his time in museums. (visit不等於my uncle)

4.

Ving
p.p.　, S+ VP

判斷空格內的分詞，這時便要應用到主動、被動的觀念：

(a)若分詞後面有名詞片語(主要是由冠詞、所有格、數目字所引導的結構)，則表達主動，要用現在分詞；

(b)若分詞後面by，則強烈表達被動，要用過去分詞；

(c)若分詞後面沒有NP，也沒有by，則拉分詞與主要子句主詞的關係，由語意上來判斷。

例：1. Inspired by his father, John decided to be a doctor.

2. Hearing the bell ring, we departed hastily.

3. Feeling tired, you can take a rest. (拉you與feel之關係)

4. Working in the garden, he saw a snake. (拉he與work之關係)

5.

Ving , S+ VP.
To+原形動詞

若語意表達動作正在進行則用Ving，若表達目的則用不定詞。

例：1. Walking down the street, I met John.

2. To pass the exam, he studied hard.