八大詞性 　 　句子的基本觀念　　　基本句型　　　助動詞 　　

主動被動　 　時 態　(簡單式、進行式、完成式)　 　不規則動詞變化表

動詞補語　(不定詞與動名詞)　　　代名詞的格、反身代詞　 　不定代名詞

that-those, there-it, this-which　　　代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅

修飾語　(形容詞) 　　　修飾語　(副詞) 　　　分詞　　　介系詞

常考片語 　 　 假設語氣 　　　否定用字 　　 　倒裝

比較　(比較級、最高級)　　　對等連接詞 　　　從屬連接詞　　　獨立連接詞

名詞子句　　　形容詞子句　　　副詞子句　　　平行、一致、累贅用字

從屬子句

形容詞子句重要細節及簡化

形容詞子句的功用為形容詞，用以修飾前面的名詞，引導形容詞子句者為關係代名詞，

關係代名詞包括：

其它重要細節如下：
1. 格的判斷：關係代名詞格的判斷要看後面的結構
(a) 若N+____+VP，則空格用主格。

(b) 若N+____+S+ VP，則空格用受格。

(c) 若N+____+N，則空格用所有格。

例：1. People who lived three miles away heard the noise.

2. Mr. Wilson is a scholar whom we all admire. (whom當admire之受詞)

3. The house which he lived in was very big. (which當in之受詞)

4. I have just met the man whose son is a reporter.

2. 關係代名詞與先行詞的一致：關係代名詞指人或物要看先行詞。

例：1. Did you see the man who broke the window?

2. The meeting, which took place in the park, was attended by hundreds of people.

註：在“N+ who (which, that)+ VP”的結構中，動詞(V)的單複數要與先行詞一致。

例：1. These apple trees which (that) were planted ten years ago have borne a lot of fruit.

2. I talked to the man who is a lawyer.

3. that當關係代名詞的要點：(a)that可代替主格、受格，但不能代替所有格；(b)that當關係代名詞時所引導的子句前後不能標逗號；(c)that當關係代名詞時前面不能有介系詞。

下列例句皆需修改：
1. I bought the book that author was a famous statesman(政治家). (將that改為whose)

2. My uncle, that buys a new car every year lives in Chicago.
改為→My uncle that buys a new car every year, lives in Chicago.
或→My uncle, who buys a new car every year, lives in Chicago.

3. The book in that he is interested was written by Mark Twain.
改為→The book that he is interested in was written by Mark Twain.
或→The book in which he is interested was written by Mark Twain.

4. 受格關係代名詞(whom, which)若當介系詞之受詞，則介系詞可移至whom或which前面。

例：1. The house, which John lives in, is very big.
→The house, in which John lives, is very big.
→The house, where John lives, is very big. (in which指“地方”=where)

2. I talked to the man whom my brother worked with.
→I talked to the man with whom my brother worked.

5. 關係子句所形成的累贅結構。

例：1. The policeman and who caught him received a reward. (關係代名詞本身即為連接詞，故前不能再加連接詞，and要去掉)

2. The teacher who is from the United States. (who應去掉，否則The teacher便沒動詞)

6. 關係代名詞的簡化：主格與受格的關係代名詞可進行簡化，但所有格不能簡化。

(a) 主格關係代名詞的簡化：簡化步驟為去掉關係代名詞→去掉be動詞→動詞改為分詞，主動用現在分詞，被動用過去分詞。

請將下列例句簡化：
1. The girl who is sitting next to him is Mary.
→The girl sitting next to him is Mary. (現在分詞片語)

2. Dr. Lin, Who is the president of the university, will give a speech tonight.
→Dr. Lin, the president of the university, will give a speech tonight. (名詞片語)

3. The house which is on top of the mountain belongs to my uncle.
→The house on top of the mountain belongs to my uncle. (介系詞片語)

4. The writer used a writing style which was different from the traditional one.
→The writer used a writing style different from the traditional one. (形容詞片語)

5. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
→The psychologists studying the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. (現在分詞片語)

6. They live in a house that was built hundreds of years ago.
→They live in a house built hundreds of years ago. (過去分詞片語)

7. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
→The ideas presented in that book are interesting. (過去分詞片語)

由上述句得知主格關係代名詞簡化後可成為名詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語、現在分詞片語，或過去分詞片語。

(b) 受格關係代名詞之簡化：受格關係代名詞(whom, which)皆可簡化，但若該子句前後標逗號則不能簡化。

例：1. The man (whom) I met yesterday is my old friend. (whom可省略)

2. The man, whom I met yesterday, is my old friend. (whom不可省略)

7. 複合關係代名詞：下列表格即說明這類代名詞的功用與結構。

注意要點：

(a) 複合關代前面不能有名詞當先行詞。
(b) 複合關代引導名詞子句，整個子句作主詞，受詞或補語。

例：1. He is interested in whatever is said. (當in之受詞)

2. You may give the prize to whomever you like. (當to之受詞)

3. Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (當主詞)