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八大詞性    句子的基本觀念   基本句型   助動詞   

主動被動   時 態 (簡單式、進行式、完成式)   不規則動詞變化表

動詞補語 (不定詞與動名詞)   代名詞的格、反身代詞   不定代名詞

that-those, there-it, this-which   代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅

修飾語 (形容詞)    修飾語 (副詞)    分詞   介系詞

常考片語     假設語氣    否定用字     倒裝

比較 (比較級、最高級)   對等連接詞    從屬連接詞   獨立連接詞

名詞子句   形容詞子句   副詞子句   平行、一致、累贅用字

 


 

 

從屬子句

形容詞子句重要細節及簡化


形容詞子句的功用為形容詞,用以修飾前面的名詞,引導形容詞子句者為關係代名詞,

關係代名詞包括:

主格 who which
that that
受格 whom which
that that
所有格 whose whose


其它重要細節如下:
1. 格的判斷:關係代名詞格的判斷要看後面的結構
(a) 若N+____+VP,則空格用主格。


(b) 若N+____+S+ VP,則空格用受格。


(c) 若N+____+N,則空格用所有格。


例:1. People who lived three miles away heard the noise.


2. Mr. Wilson is a scholar whom we all admire. (whom當admire之受詞)


3. The house which he lived in was very big. (which當in之受詞)


4. I have just met the man whose son is a reporter.


2. 關係代名詞與先行詞的一致:關係代名詞指人或物要看先行詞。


例:1. Did you see the man who broke the window?


2. The meeting, which took place in the park, was attended by hundreds of people.


註:在“N+ who (which, that)+ VP”的結構中,動詞(V)的單複數要與先行詞一致。


例:1. These apple trees which (that) were planted ten years ago have borne a lot of fruit.


2. I talked to the man who is a lawyer.


3. that當關係代名詞的要點:(a)that可代替主格、受格,但不能代替所有格;(b)that當關係代名詞時所引導的子句前後不能標逗號;(c)that當關係代名詞時前面不能有介系詞。


下列例句皆需修改:
1. I bought the book that author was a famous statesman(政治家). (將that改為whose)


2. My uncle, that buys a new car every year lives in Chicago.
改為→My uncle that buys a new car every year, lives in Chicago.
或→My uncle, who buys a new car every year, lives in Chicago.


3. The book in that he is interested was written by Mark Twain.
改為→The book that he is interested in was written by Mark Twain.
或→The book in which he is interested was written by Mark Twain.


4. 受格關係代名詞(whom, which)若當介系詞之受詞,則介系詞可移至whom或which前面。


例:1. The house, which John lives in, is very big.
→The house, in which John lives, is very big.
→The house, where John lives, is very big. (in which指“地方”=where)


2. I talked to the man whom my brother worked with.
→I talked to the man with whom my brother worked.


5. 關係子句所形成的累贅結構。


例:1. The policeman and who caught him received a reward. (關係代名詞本身即為連接詞,故前不能再加連接詞,and要去掉)


2. The teacher who is from the United States. (who應去掉,否則The teacher便沒動詞)


6. 關係代名詞的簡化:主格與受格的關係代名詞可進行簡化,但所有格不能簡化。


(a) 主格關係代名詞的簡化:簡化步驟為去掉關係代名詞→去掉be動詞→動詞改為分詞,主動用現在分詞,被動用過去分詞。


請將下列例句簡化:
1. The girl who is sitting next to him is Mary.
→The girl sitting next to him is Mary. (現在分詞片語)


2. Dr. Lin, Who is the president of the university, will give a speech tonight.
→Dr. Lin, the president of the university, will give a speech tonight. (名詞片語)


3. The house which is on top of the mountain belongs to my uncle.
→The house on top of the mountain belongs to my uncle. (介系詞片語)


4. The writer used a writing style which was different from the traditional one.
→The writer used a writing style different from the traditional one. (形容詞片語)


5. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
→The psychologists studying the nature of sleep have made important discoveries. (現在分詞片語)


6. They live in a house that was built hundreds of years ago.
→They live in a house built hundreds of years ago. (過去分詞片語)


7. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
→The ideas presented in that book are interesting. (過去分詞片語)


由上述句得知主格關係代名詞簡化後可成為名詞片語、形容詞片語、介系詞片語、現在分詞片語,或過去分詞片語。


(b) 受格關係代名詞之簡化:受格關係代名詞(whom, which)皆可簡化,但若該子句前後標逗號則不能簡化。


例:1. The man (whom) I met yesterday is my old friend. (whom可省略)


2. The man, whom I met yesterday, is my old friend. (whom不可省略)


7. 複合關係代名詞:下列表格即說明這類代名詞的功用與結構。



注意要點:

(a) 複合關代前面不能有名詞當先行詞。
(b) 複合關代引導名詞子句,整個子句作主詞,受詞或補語。


例:1. He is interested in whatever is said. (當in之受詞)


2. You may give the prize to whomever you like. (當to之受詞)


3. Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (當主詞)

 

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