八大詞性 句子的基本觀念 基本句型 助動詞
主動被動 時 態 (簡單式、進行式、完成式) 不規則動詞變化表
動詞補語 (不定詞與動名詞) 代名詞的格、反身代詞 不定代名詞
that-those, there-it, this-which 代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅
修飾語 (形容詞) 修飾語 (副詞) 分詞 介系詞
常考片語 假設語氣 否定用字 倒裝
比較 (比較級、最高級) 對等連接詞 從屬連接詞 獨立連接詞
名詞子句 形容詞子句 副詞子句 平行、一致、累贅用字
助動詞
助動詞是要幫助動詞表達不同的語氣,在結構上助動詞後面應接原形動詞。
以下即精要地介紹關於助詞的重點:
1. 一般性的助動詞:
a) shall與will表達“將要”(shall通常用於第一人稱I, we,而will則可用於任何人稱)
b)can表達“能夠”,“可能”,“可以”
c)may表達“也許”,“可以”;d)must表達“必頇”、“一定”
例:1. My father could speak three languages. (能夠)
2. You have been working all day;you must be tired. (一定)
3. Mike might not be in the living room. (也許)
4. When she returns, she will telephone me. (將會)
2. 常考的助動詞句型:
a)對目前事情的猜測,表達“現在也許”,
“現在可能”用might+原形動詞或could+原形動詞,
若是對過去的猜測,則用might+ have+ p.p.或could+ have+ p.p.
b)表達“現在一定是”用must+原形動詞,
表達“過去一定是”則用must+ have+ p.p.,這種結構也是猜測,不過語氣很強;
表達“目前應該這樣但並沒有這樣”用should+原形動詞,
若表達過去則用should+ have+ p.p.
例:
1. A:I can’t find my purse.
B:You could (might) have left it at home.
2. David passed the examination;he must have studied hard.
3. The phone is ringing;it could (might) be John.
4. The price is wrong;it should be $1000, not $1500.
5. They should have arrived here an hour ago, but they didn’t.
3. 其它重要的助動詞:
a) need:need可作助動詞,其結構為“need+原形動詞”,亦可作一般動詞,結構為“need to+原形動詞”,need若當一般動詞,則要考慮到第三人稱單數要加s。
另外,need+ Ving表達“需要被‥”,請注意,這種結構一定是表達被動的意思。
例:1. He needs to finish it as soon as possible. (一般動詞)
2. We needn’t hurry. (助動詞)
3. The patient needs taking care of. (需要被照顧)
4. The car needs repairing. (需要被修理)
b) mustn’t表“不可以”,needn’t表達“不需要”,“不必”
例:1. It’s a secret;you mustn’t tell other people.
2. You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
c) ought to = should = be supposed to (應該)
例:1. People ought not to smoke in public.
2. You are supposed to get up early for the five o’clock train.
d) would rather:表達“寧願”,通常用的結構為“would rather A than B”,
非常重要的是A與B要用原形動詞來平行。
例:1. I would rather drink tea.
2. I would rather walk than take a taxi.
e) had better+原形動詞:表達“最好‥”
例:1. It’s getting dark;we had better leave.
2. You had better not be late.
f) used to+原形動詞:表達“過去習慣於”,
若表達至今還存在的習慣則用be (get) used (accustomed) to+ Ving或NP。
例:1. After dinner, Frank used to take a walk.
2. My grandfather is used to getting up early and doing exercise.
3. I expect we will get used to the busy life.
註:若“be used to”表達“被使用來‥”,則to為不定詞,應接原形動詞。
例:1. Wind can be used to produce electricity.
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