八大詞性 　 　句子的基本觀念　　　基本句型　　　助動詞 　　

主動被動　 　時 態　(簡單式、進行式、完成式)　 　不規則動詞變化表

動詞補語　(不定詞與動名詞)　　　代名詞的格、反身代詞　 　不定代名詞

that-those, there-it, this-which　　　代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅

修飾語　(形容詞) 　　　修飾語　(副詞) 　　　分詞　　　介系詞

常考片語 　 　 假設語氣 　　　否定用字 　　 　倒裝

比較　(比較級、最高級)　　　對等連接詞 　　　從屬連接詞　　　獨立連接詞

名詞子句　　　形容詞子句　　　副詞子句　　　平行、一致、累贅用字

假設語氣

If所引導的假設語氣

If所引導的假設語氣有下列幾種句型：

1. 表達跟未來事實相反：

例：1. If he should come, I would tell the truth.

2. If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you.

3. If photosynthesis(光合作用) were to stop, all living things would disappear.

註：If+ S+ should+原形動詞是表達“一般情況不太可能”，而If+ S+ were to+原形動詞是表達“絕對與事實真理相反”。

2. 表達跟現在事實相反：

例：1. If I were you, I might leave at once.

2. I would buy that house if I had enough money.

3. 表達與過去事實相反：

例：1. If you had come to the party, you might have met Jane.

2. He might have come if it had not rained.

4. 關於假設語氣應注意事項：
(a) 要利用已知動詞去判斷未知動詞，請思考下列空格的動詞結構
If+ S+ were to+原形動詞，S+____.
S+ might+ have+ p.p.+ if+ ____.

(b) 假設語氣的助動詞一律用過去式，be動詞一律用were。

(c) 假設語氣If子句可以改為倒裝結構，即(1)去掉if，(2)將should, were或had移至主詞前面。

例：1. If he should come, I would tell the truth.
= Should he come, I would tell the truth.

2. If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you.
= Were the sun to rise in the west, I would marry you.

3. If I were you, I might leave at once.
= Were I you, I might leave at once.

4. You might have met Jane if you had come to the party.
= You might have met Jane had you come to the party.

請務必要掌握倒裝結構，才能判斷是與未來、現在、或過去事實相反。

(d) 與過去事實相反的事若影響到現在，則主要子句動詞用would/should/could/might +原形之
結構，這種情況主要子句會有現在的時間副詞出現。

例：1. If they had built more houses ten years ago, the housing problem would not be so serious now.

其它假設語氣句型

除If之外，其它wish, as if, without等亦可引導假設語氣的結構。

1. wish所引導的假設語氣：

(a) 表達與未來事實相反：S+ with+ (that)+ S+ would/should/could/might+原形動詞

例：I wish I could go to the party tomorrow.

(b) 表達與現在事實相反：S+ wish+ (that)+ S+were/過去式

例：1. I wish I were a millionaire.

2. I wish I had enough money.

(c) 表達與過去事實相反：S+ wish+ (that)+ S+ had+ p.p.

例：I wish I had known he was in hospital.

註：上列結構that可以省略；此外， 假設語氣的be動詞一律用were。

2. as if (= as though, 似乎，好像)：as if所引導的假設語氣結構與上述wish的結構一樣。

(a) 表達與未來事實相反：S+ V+ as if+ S+ would/should/could/might +原形

例：He looks as if he would do it.

(b) 表達與現在事實相反：S+ V+ as if+ S+ were/過去式

例：1. He looks as if he were a rich man.

2. He looks as if he liked it.

(c) 表達與過去事實相反：S+ V+ as if+ S+ had+ p.p.

例：He talked as if he had read that book.

3. with表示“若有”，without表示“若無”，亦是引導假設語氣的結構。

(a) 表達與未來或與現在事實相反：With/Without+ NP, S+ would/should/could/might +have+ p.p.

例：With your help, I might succeed now.

(b) 表達與過去事實相反：With/Without+ NP, S+would/should/ could/might +have+ p.p.

例：Without your help, I could have failed then.
註：事實上，with+ NP與without+ NP語意上等於第一節If子句的部份，故主要子句所用的動詞是一樣的。

4. 表達命令要求、堅持、建議勸告等動詞所引導的假設語氣：這類動詞常考者包括order, command, demand, ask, require(命令要求)；insist, maintain(堅持)；suggest, propose, recommend, advise(建議勸告)。

(a) S+ V+ (that)+ S+ (should)+原形動詞：that與should皆可省略，若省略should，則後面動詞一律用原形。

例：1. I insisted (that) he (should) come back early.

2. My sister demanded (that) he (should) apologize (道歉)。

3. Jane suggested that I (should) buy a car.

(b) It be+ p.p.+ that+ S+ (should)+原形動詞

例：1. It was required that he (should) finish his work on time.

2. It is recommended that we (should) do more exercise.

(c) It be+ adj+ that+ S+ (should)+原形：這種結構的形容詞(adj)亦是表達命令要求、堅持、建議勸告的語氣，常考的包括necessary, important, imperative, essential, insistent, advisable等。

例：1. It is necessary that he (should) make an immediate decision.

2. It is advisable that we (should) do exercise at least twice a week.

5. It+ be (about或high) +time(that)+S+過去式：表達“該是‥的時候了”。

例：1. It is time that you worked hard.

2. It is about time you went to bed.