八大詞性 句子的基本觀念 基本句型 助動詞
主動被動 時 態 (簡單式、進行式、完成式) 不規則動詞變化表
動詞補語 (不定詞與動名詞) 代名詞的格、反身代詞 不定代名詞
that-those, there-it, this-which 代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅
修飾語 (形容詞) 修飾語 (副詞) 分詞 介系詞
常考片語 假設語氣 否定用字 倒裝
比較 (比較級、最高級) 對等連接詞 從屬連接詞 獨立連接詞
名詞子句 形容詞子句 副詞子句 平行、一致、累贅用字
分詞
分詞是由動詞變化而來,可分為現在分詞(Ving)與過去分詞(Ven)。分詞可具有形容詞功用,以修飾名詞或作補語;分詞亦可作副詞,以修飾動詞或整個子句。
1. 分詞當形容詞,以修飾名詞或當補語,可分為下列幾種情況:
(a)Ving+N
Ven+N
這種結構分詞是修飾後面的名詞,表達主動或進行用現在分詞,表達被動或完成用過去分詞。
例:1. He told us some frightening stories. (令人害怕的,表示主動)。
2. The wounded soldier was taken off to hospital. (受傷的,表示被動)。
3. A rolling stone gathers no moss. (滾石不生苔) (滾動的,表示進行)。
4. He threw away the broken chair. (破的,表示完成)。
上列結構要判斷主動被動,進行完成,通常要拉後面名詞與分詞的關係。上列各句的分詞結構可作適度轉換,frightening stories = stories which are frightening, the wounded soldier = the soldier who was wounded, a rolling stone = a stone which is rolling, the broken chair = the chair which has broken.
(b)N+ Ving
Ven+ Ving
這種結構分詞置於名詞的後面,通常是由形容詞子句簡化而成的分詞片語。主動語態用現在分詞,被動語態用過去分詞。
例:1. The girl wearing a hat is Mary. (a hat為名詞片語,故前面分詞應為主動語態)
= The girl who is wearing a hat is Mary.
2. It is a famous book written by Henry James. (by得知為被動)
= It is a famous book which was written by Henry James.
3. The bridge built in 1910 was torn down. (拉build與bridge之關係,得知為被動)
= The bridge which was built in 1910 was torn down.
再度提醒您,上列分詞結構一定要懂得判斷主動被動。
(c) be
S+ feel + Ving/Ven
become
這種結構的分詞是由情緒動詞變化而來的,若用事物作主詞,表達“令人‥”則為主動觀念,用現在分詞;若用人作主詞,表達“感到‥”則為被動觀念,用過去分詞。
例:1. We are surprised at the result.
2. After a long day’s work, John felt exhausted. (精疲力盡的)
3. The movie was exciting.
4. His stories are always interesting.
註:這類情緒動詞尚包括tire(疲倦), confuse(困惑), puzzle(困惑), fascinate(吸引), disappoint(失望), touch(感動), move(感動), embarrass(困窘), frighten(驚嚇)等。
2. 分詞當副詞,以修飾動詞或整個子句,主動語態用現在分詞,被動語態則用過去分詞。
(a)Ving, S+VP
Ven, S+VP
此種結構分詞是修飾後面整個子句。
例:1. Writing a letter, he heard somebody coming. (關鍵在a letter為名詞片語,故為主動觀念,用現在分詞)
2. Frightened by the explosion(爆炸聲),the children began to cry. (關鍵在by,故用過去分詞)
3. Walking on the street, I met John. (本句walking後面沒有名詞片語,也沒有by,故拉主詞I與walk之關係,得知應為主動觀念,故用現在分詞)
4. Written in simple English, the book soon became popular. (拉book與write之關係)。
(b)S+ V+ Ving
S+ V+Ven
此種結構分詞用來修飾動詞,判斷的關鍵亦在主動被動的觀念。
例:1. The woman came here wearing a red hat.
2. My friend entered the room singing and laughing.
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