八大詞性 句子的基本觀念 基本句型 助動詞
主動被動 時 態 (簡單式、進行式、完成式) 不規則動詞變化表
動詞補語 (不定詞與動名詞) 代名詞的格、反身代詞 不定代名詞
that-those, there-it, this-which 代名詞與先行詞的一致、代名詞的累贅
修飾語 (形容詞) 修飾語 (副詞) 分詞 介系詞
常考片語 假設語氣 否定用字 倒裝
比較 (比較級、最高級) 對等連接詞 從屬連接詞 獨立連接詞
名詞子句 形容詞子句 副詞子句 平行、一致、累贅用字
主動被動
主動與被動的判斷是動詞中很重要的觀念,通常我們可以借助下列三個線索來判斷主動被動:
1. 若動詞後有名詞片語(NP),則幾乎都用主動語態,即“S+ V+ NP”,但consider(認為),call(稱呼)及name(命名)例外,這種動詞可能用被動。
例:1. Hundreds of people visit the Washington Monument(華盛頓紀念碑) every day. (the Washington Monument為NP,請注意,凡是由冠詞、所有格、數目字所引導的片語皆為名詞片語。)
2. We consider him an artist.
3. He is considered an artist.
2. 若動詞後面有by,且by表達“被”、“由”,則用被動語態,但by若表達“藉著”、“在‥之旁”、“到‥為止”,則要拉主詞跟動詞的意思,才能判斷主動或被動。
例:1. The Old Man and the Sea was written by Earnest Hemingway.
2. He passes by the park every morning. (從‥旁邊)
3. He passed the examination by studying hard. (藉著)
4. I shall have lived in Taipei for 10 years by next week. (到‥為止)
3. 若動詞後沒有NP,也沒有by,則需利用主詞與動詞語意上的關係來判斷主動或被動。
例:1. The house was built in 1940.
2. The plan was carried out successfully.
3. Many people enjoy working at night.
特別注意有些動詞只用主動語態(常考的有happen, occur, take place“發生”,exist“存在”,die“死”,cost“價錢是‥”,rain, appear, seem, belong to , consist of“由‥組成”等),另外有些則用於被動語態,如be exposed to(暴露在‥之下),be supposed to(應該),be located(位於)等等。
例:1. The idea appeared to me in my dream.
2. Dinosaurs(恐龍) existed millions of years ago.
3. The book consists of fifteen chapters.
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